|
This is a timeline of the African-American Civil Rights Movement of 1954-1968, a nonviolent freedom movement to gain legal equality and enforcement of constitutional rights for African Americans. The goals of the movement included securing equal protection of the laws, ending legally established racial discrimination, and gaining equal access to public facilities, education reform, fair housing, and the ability to vote. 1954 *May 3In ''Hernandez v. Texas'', the U.S. Supreme Court rules that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States are entitled to equal protection under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. *May 17 In ''Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans.'' and in ''Bolling v. Sharpe'', the U.S. Supreme Court rules against the "separate but equal" doctrine, overturning ''Plessy v. Ferguson'' and saying that segregation of public schools is unconstitutional. *July 30At a special meeting in Jackson, Mississippi called by Governor Hugh White, T.R.M. Howard of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, along with nearly one hundred other black leaders, publicly refuse to support a segregationist plan to maintain "separate but equal" in exchange for a crash program to increase spending on black schools. *September 2In Montgomery, Alabama, 23 black children are prevented from attending all-white elementary schools, defying the recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling. *September 7 The District of Columbia ends segregated education; Baltimore, Maryland follows suit on September 8 *September 15Protests by white parents in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia force schools to postpone desegregation another year. *September 16Mississippi abolishes all public schools with an amendment to its State Constitution; private segregation academies are founded for white students. *September 30Integration of a high school in Milford, Delaware collapses when white students boycott classes. *October 4Student demonstrations take place against integration of Washington, DC public schools. *October 19Federal judge upholds an Oklahoma law requiring African-American candidates to be identified on voting ballots as "negro". *October 30Desegregation of U.S. Armed Forces said to be complete. *Frankie Muse Freeman is the lead attorney for the landmark NAACP case ''Davis et al. v. the St. Louis Housing Authority'', which ended legal racial discrimination in the city's public housing. Constance Baker Motley was an attorney for NAACP: it was unusual to have two women attorneys leading such a high-profile case. 1955 *January 15President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs Executive Order 10590, establishing the President's Committee on Government Policy to enforce a nondiscrimination policy in Federal employment. *January 20Demonstrators from CORE and Morgan State University stage a successful sit-in to desegregate Read's Drug Store in Baltimore, Maryland *April 5Mississippi passes a law penalizing white students by jail and fines who attend school with blacks . *May 7NAACP and Regional Council of Negro Leadership activist Reverend George W. Lee is killed in Belzoni, Mississippi. *May 31The U.S. Supreme Court rules in "Brown II" that desegregation must occur with "all deliberate speed". *June 8University of Oklahoma decides to allow black students. *June 23Virginia governor and Board of Education decide to continue segregated schools into 1956. *June 29The NAACP wins a U.S. Supreme Court suit which orders the University of Alabama to admit Autherine Lucy. *July 11Georgia Board of Education orders that any teacher supporting integration be fired. *July 14A Federal Appeals Court overturns segregation on Columbia, SC buses. *August 1Georgia Board of Education fires all black teachers who are members of the NAACP. *August 13Regional Council of Negro Leadership registration activist Lamar Smith is murdered in Brookhaven, Mississippi. *August 28Teenager Emmett Till is killed for whistling at a white woman in Money, Mississippi. *November 7The Interstate Commerce Commission bans bus segregation in interstate travel in ''Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company.'' On the same day, the U.S. Supreme Court bans segregation on public parks and playgrounds. The governor of Georgia responds that his state would "get out of the park business" rather than allow playgrounds to be desegregated. *December 1Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a bus, starting the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This occurs nine months after 15-year-old high school student Claudette Colvin became the first to refuse to give up her seat. Colvin's was the legal case which eventually ended the practice in Montgomery. *Roy Wilkins becomes the NAACP executive secretary. 1956 *January 9Virginia voters and representatives decide to fund private schools with state money to maintain segregation. *January 16FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover writes a rare open letter of complaint directed to civil rights leader Dr. T.R.M. Howard after Howard charged in a speech that the "FBI can pick up pieces of a fallen airplane on the slopes of a Colorado mountain and find the man who caused the crash, but they can't find a white man when he kills a Negro in the South." 〔David T. Beito and Linda Royster Beito, ''Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howard's Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power'', Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009, pp.154-55.〕 *January 24Governors of Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina and Virginia agree to block integration of schools. *February 1Virginia legislature passes a resolution that the U.S. Supreme Court integration decision was an "illegal encroachment". *February 3Autherine Lucy is admitted to the University of Alabama. Whites riot for days, and she is suspended. Later, she is expelled for her part in filing legal action against the university. *February 24The policy of Massive Resistance is declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. from Virginia. *February/MarchThe Southern Manifesto, opposing integration of schools, is drafted and signed by members of the Congressional delegations of Southern states, including 19 senators and 81 members of the House of Representatives, notably the entire delegations of the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Virginia. On March 12, it is released to the press. *February 13Wilmington, Delaware school board decides to end segregation. *February 22Ninety black leaders in Montgomery, Alabama are arrested for leading a bus boycott. *February 29Mississippi legislature declares U.S. Supreme Court integration decision "invalid" in that state. *March 1Alabama legislature votes to ask for federal funds to deport blacks to northern states. *March 12U.S. Supreme Court orders the University of Florida to admit a black law school applicant "without delay". *March 22King sentenced to fine or jail for instigating Montgomery bus boycott, suspended pending appeal. *April 23U.S. Supreme Court strikes down segregation on buses nationwide. *May 26Circuit Judge Walter B. Jones issues an injunction prohibiting the NAACP from operating in Alabama. *May 28The Tallahassee, Florida bus boycott begins. *June 5The Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) is founded at a mass meeting in Birmingham, Alabama. *September 2–11Teargas and National Guard used to quell segregationists rioting in Clinton, Tennessee; 12 black students enter high school under Guard protection. Smaller disturbances occur in Mansfield, Texas and Sturgis, Kentucky. *September 10Two black students are prevented by a mob from entering a junior college in Texarkana, Texas. Schools in Louisville, Kentucky are successfully desegregated. *September 12Four black children enter an elementary school in Clay, Kentucky under National Guard protection; white students boycott. The school board bars the four again on Sep. 17. *October 15Integrated athletic or social events are banned in Louisiana. *November 13In ''Browder v. Gayle'', the U.S. Supreme Court strikes down Alabama laws requiring segregation of buses. This ruling, together with the ICC's 1955 ruling in ''Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach'' banning "Jim Crow laws" in bus travel among the states, is a landmark in outlawing "Jim Crow" in bus travel. *December 20Federal marshals enforce the ruling to desegregate bus systems in Montgomery. *December 24Blacks in Tallahassee, Florida begin defying segregation on city buses. *December 25The parsonage in Birmingham, Alabama occupied by Fred Shuttlesworth, movement leader, is bombed. Shuttlesworth receives only minor injuries. *December 26The ACMHR tests the ''Browder v. Gayle'' ruling by riding in the white sections of Birmingham city buses. 22 demonstrators are arrested. *Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission formed. *Director J. Edgar Hoover orders the FBI to begin the COINTELPRO program to investigate and disrupt "dissident" groups within the United States. 1957 *February 8Georgia Senate votes to declare the 14th and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution null and void in that state. *February 14Southern Christian Leadership Conference is formed; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is named its chairman. *April 18Florida Senate votes to consider U.S. Supreme Court's desegregation decisions "null and void". *May 17The Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom in Washington, DC is at the time the largest nonviolent demonstration for civil rights. *September 2Orval Faubus, governor of Arkansas, calls out the National Guard to block integration of Little Rock Central High School. *September 6Federal judge orders Nashville public schools to integrate immediately. *September 15''New York Times'' reports that in three years since the decision, there has been minimal progress toward integration in four southern states, and no progress at all in seven. *September 24President Dwight Eisenhower federalizes the National Guard and also orders US Army troops to ensure Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas is integrated. Federal and National Guard troops escort the Little Rock Nine. *September 27Civil Rights Act of 1957 signed by President Eisenhower. *October 7The finance minister of Ghana is refused service at a Dover, Delaware restaurant. President Eisenhower hosts him at the White House to apologize Oct. 10. *October 9Florida legislature votes to close any school if federal troops are sent to enforce integration. *October 31Officers of NAACP arrested in Little Rock for failing to comply with a new financial disclosure ordinance. *November 26Texas legislature votes to close any school where federal troops might be sent. 1958 *June 29Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama) is bombed by Ku Klux Klan members, killing four girls. *June 30In ''NAACP v. Alabama'', the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the NAACP was not required to release membership lists to continue operating in the state. *JulyNAACP Youth Council sponsored sit-ins at the lunch counter of a Dockum Drug Store in downtown Wichita, Kansas. After three weeks, the movement successfully got the store to change its policy and soon afterward all Dockum stores in Kansas were desegregated. *August 19Clara Luper and the NAACP Youth Council conduct the largest successful sit-in to date, on drug store lunch-counters in Oklahoma City. This starts a successful six-year campaign by Luper and the Council to desegregate businesses and related institutions in Oklahoma City. *September 2Governor J. Lindsay Almond, Jr. of Virginia threatens to shut down any school if it is forced to integrate. *September 4Justice Department sues under Civil Rights Act to force Terrell County, Georgia to register blacks to vote. *September 8A Federal judge orders Louisiana State University to desegregate; sixty-nine African-Americans enroll successfully on Sep. 12. *September 12In ''Cooper v. Aaron'' the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the states were bound by the Court's decisions. Governor Faubus responds by shutting down all four high schools in Little Rock, and Governor Almond shuts one in Front Royal, Virginia. *September 18Governor Lindsay closes two more schools in Charlottesville, Virginia, and six in Norfolk on Sep. 27. *September 29The U.S. Supreme Court rules that states may not use evasive measures to avoid desegregation. *October 8A Federal judge in Harrisonburg, VA rules that public money may not be used for segregated private schools. *October 20Thirteen blacks arrested for sitting in front of bus in Birmingham. *November 28Federal court throws out Louisiana law against integrated athletic events. *December 8Voter registration officials in Montgomery refuse to cooperate with US Civil Rights Commission investigation. 1959 *January 9One Federal judge throws out segregation on Atlanta, Georgia, buses, while another orders Montgomery registrars to comply with the Civil Rights Commission. *January 19Federal Appeals court overturns Virginia's closure of the schools in Norfolk; they reopen January 28 with 17 black students. *April 18King speaks for the integration of schools at a rally of 26,000 at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC. *November 20Alabama passes laws to limit black voter registration. ==1960–1968== 1960 *February 1Four black students sit at the Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, sparking six months of the Greensboro Sit-Ins. *February 13The Nashville, Tennessee Sit-in begins, although the Nashville students, trained by activist and nonviolent teacher James Lawson, had been doing preliminary groundwork towards the action for two months. The sit-in ends successfully in May. *February 17Alabama grand jury indicts King for tax evasion. *February 19Virginia Union University students, called the Richmond 34 stage sit-in at Woolworth's lunch counter in Richmond, Virginia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Virginia Center for Digital History )〕 *February 22The Richmond 34 stage a sit in the Richmond Room at Thalhimer's department store. *March 3Vanderbilt University expels James Lawson for sit-in participation. *March 4, 1960Houston's first sit-in, led by Texas Southern University students, was held at Weingarten supermarket, located at 4110 Almeda in Houston, Texas. () *March 19San Antonio becomes first city to integrate lunch counters. *April 8Weak civil rights bill survives Senate filibuster. *April 15–17The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) is formed in Raleigh, North Carolina. *April 19Z. Alexander Looby's home is bombed, with no injuries. Looby, a Nashville civil rights lawyer, was active in the city's ongoing sit-in movement for integration of public facilities. *MayNashville sit-ins end with business agreements to integrate lunch counters, etc. *May 6Civil Rights Act of 1960 signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. *May 28William Robert Ming and Hubert Delaney obtain an acquittal of Dr. King from an all-white jury in Alabama. *June 28Bayard Rustin resigns from SCLC after condemnation by Rep. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. *July 31Elijah Muhammad calls for an all-black state. Membership in Nation of Islam estimated at 100,000. *AugustRev. Wyatt Tee Walker replaces Ella Baker as SCLC’s Executive Director. *October 19King and fifty others arrested at sit-in at Atlanta’s Rich’s Department Store. *October 26King’s earlier probation revoked; he is transferred to Reidsville State Prison. *October 28After intervention from Robert F. Kennedy, King is free on bond. *November 14Ruby Bridges becomes the first African-American child to attend an all-white elementary school in the South (William Frantz Elementary School) following court-ordered integration in New Orleans, Louisiana. This event was portrayed by Norman Rockwell in his 1964 painting ''The Problem We All Live With.'' *December 5In ''Boynton v. Virginia'', the U.S. Supreme Court holds that racial segregation in bus terminals is illegal because such segregation violates the Interstate Commerce Act. This ruling, in combination with the ICC's 1955 decision in Keys v. Carolina Coach, effectively outlaws segregation on interstate buses and at the terminals servicing such buses. 1961 *January 11Rioting over court-ordered admission of first two African Americans (Hamilton E. Holmes and Charlayne Hunter-Gault) at the University of Georgia leads to their suspension, but they are ordered reinstated. *January 31Member of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and nine students were arrested in Rock Hill, South Carolina for a sit-in at a McCrory's lunch counter. *March 6President Kennedy issues Executive Order 10925, which establishes a Presidential committee that later becomes the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. *May 4The first group of Freedom Riders, with the intent of integrating interstate buses, leaves Washington, D.C. by Greyhound bus. The group, organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), leaves shortly after the U.S. Supreme Court has outlawed segregation in interstate transportation terminals. *May 14The Freedom Riders' bus is attacked and burned outside of Anniston, Alabama. A mob beats the Freedom Riders upon their arrival in Birmingham. The Freedom Riders are arrested in Jackson, Mississippi, and spend forty to sixty days in Parchman Penitentiary.〔 *May 17Nashville students, coordinated by Diane Nash, John Lewis, and James Bevel, take up the Freedom Ride, signaling the increased involvement of SNCC. *May 20Freedom Riders are assaulted in Montgomery, Alabama, at the Greyhound Bus Station. *May 21MLK, the Freedom Riders, and congregation of 1,500 at Rev. Ralph Abernathy’s First Baptist Church in Montgomery are besieged by mob of segregationists; RFK as Attorney General sends federal marshals to protect them. *May 29Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, citing the 1955 landmark ICC ruling in ''Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company'' and the U.S. Supreme Court's 1960 decision in ''Boynton v. Virginia'', petitions the ICC to enforce desegregation in interstate travel. *June–AugustU.S. Dept. of Justice initiates talks with civil rights groups and foundations on beginning Voter Education Project. *JulySCLC begins citizenship classes; Andrew J. Young hired to direct the program. Bob Moses begins voter registration in McComb, Mississippi. He leaves because of violence. *SeptemberJames Forman becomes SNCC’s Executive Secretary. *September 23The Interstate Commerce Commission, at RFK’s insistence, issues new rules ending discrimination in interstate travel, effective November 1, 1961, six years after the ICC's own ruling in ''Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company''. *September 25Voter registration activist and NAACP member Herbert Lee is shot and killed by a white state legislator in McComb, Mississippi. *November 1All interstate buses required to display a certificate that reads: “Seating aboard this vehicle is without regard to race, color, creed, or national origin, by order of the Interstate Commerce Commission.” *November 1SNCC workers Charles Sherrod and Cordell Reagon and nine Chatmon Youth Council members test new ICC rules at Trailways bus station in Albany, Georgia.〔 *November 17SNCC workers help encourage and coordinate black activism in Albany, Georgia, culminating in the founding of the Albany Movement as a formal coalition.〔 *November 22Three high school students from Chatmon’s Youth Council arrested after using “positive actions” by walking into white sections of the Albany bus station.〔 *November 22Albany State College students Bertha Gober and Blanton Hall arrested after entering the white waiting room of the Albany Trailways station. *December 10Freedom Riders from Atlanta, SNCC leader Charles Jones, and Albany State student Bertha Gober are arrested at Albany Union Railway Terminal, sparking mass demonstrations, with hundreds of protesters arrested over the next five days.〔Branch, pp.533–535〕 *December 11–15Five hundred protesters arrested in Albany, Georgia. *December 15King arrives in Albany, Georgia in response to a call from Dr. W. G. Anderson, the leader of the Albany Movement to desegregate public facilities.〔 *December 16King is arrested at an Albany, Georgia demonstration. He is charged with obstructing the sidewalk and parading without a permit.〔 *December 18Albany truce, including a 60-day postponement of King's trial; King leaves town.〔Branch, pp. 555–556〕 *Whitney Young is appointed executive director of the National Urban League and begins expanding its size and mission. *''Black Like Me'' by John Howard Griffin, a white southerner who deliberately darkened his skin to pass as a Negro in the Deep South, is published, describing "Jim Crow" segregation for a national audience. 1962 *January 18–20Student protests over sit-in leaders’ expulsions at Baton Rouge’s Southern University, the nation’s largest black school, close it down. *FebruaryRepresentatives of SNCC, CORE, and the NAACP form the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO). A grant request to fund COFO voter registration activities is submitted to the Voter Education Project (VEP). *February 26Segregated transportation facilities, both interstate and intrastate, ruled unconstitutional by U.S. Supreme Court. *MarchSNCC workers sit-in at US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy's office to protest jailings in Baton Rouge. *March 20FBI installs wiretaps on NAACP activist Stanley Levison’s office. *April 3Defense Department orders full racial integration of military reserve units, except the National Guard. *JuneSNCC workers establish voter registration projects in rural southwest Georgia. *July 10August 28 SCLC renews protests in Albany; MLK in jail July 10–12 and July 27 – August 10. *August 31Fannie Lou Hamer attempts to register to vote in Indianola, Mississippi. *September 9Two black churches used by SNCC for voter registration meetings are burned in Sasser, Georgia. *September 20James Meredith is barred from becoming the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi. *September 30-October 1U.S. Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black orders James Meredith admitted to Ole Miss.; he enrolls and a white riot ensues. French photographer Paul Guihard and Oxford resident Ray Gunter are killed. *OctoberLeflore County, Mississippi, supervisors cut off surplus food distribution in retaliation against voter drive. *October 23FBI begins Communist Infiltration (COMINFIL) investigation of SCLC. *November 20Attorney General Kennedy authorizes FBI wiretap on Stanley Levison’s home telephone. *November 20President Kennedy upholds 1960 presidential campaign promise to eliminate housing segregation by signing Executive Order 11063 banning segregation in Federally funded housing. 1963 *January 18Incoming Alabama governor George Wallace calls for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" in his inaugural address. *April 3–May 10The Birmingham campaign, organized by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, protests segregation in Birmingham by daily mass demonstrations. *AprilMary Lucille Hamilton, Field Secretary for the Congress of Racial Equality, refuses to answer a judge in Gadsden, Alabama, until she is addressed by the honorific "Miss". /at the time, it was southern custom to address white people by honorifics and people of color by their first names. Jailed for contempt of court Hamilton refused to pay bail. The case ''Hamilton v. Alabama'' is filed by the NAACP. It reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in 1964 that courts must address persons of color with the same courtesy extended to whites. *April 7Ministers John Thomas Porter, Nelson H. Smith and A. D. King lead a group of 2,000 marchers to protest the jailing of movement leaders in Birmingham. *April 12King is arrested in Birmingham for "parading without a permit". *April 16Dr. King's Letter from Birmingham Jail is completed. *April 23CORE activist William L. Moore is killed in Gadsden, Alabama. *May 2–4Birmingham's juvenile court is inundated with African-American children and teenagers arrested after James Bevel, SCLC's Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education, launches his "D-Day" youth march. The actions spans three days to become the Birmingham Children's Crusade where over a thousand children and students are arrested. The images of fire hoses and police dogs turned on the protesters are televised around the world.〔Branch, pp. 756–765〕 *May 9–10The Children's Crusade lays the groundwork for the terms of a negotiated truce on Thursday, May 9, which puts an end to mass demonstrations in return for rolling back segregation laws and practices. King and Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth announce the settlement terms on Friday, May 10, only after King holds out to orchestrate the release of thousands of jailed demonstrators with bail money from Harry Belafonte and Robert Kennedy.〔Branch, pp. 786–791〕 *May 11–12A double bombing in Birmingham, probably organized by the KKK with help from local police, precipitates rioting, police retaliation, intervention of state troopers, and finally mobilization of federal troops. *May 13In ''United States of America and Interstate Commerce Commission v. the City of Jackson, Mississippi et al.'', the United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit rules the city's attempt to circumvent laws desegregating interstate transportation facilities by posting sidewalk signs outside Greyhound, Trailways and Illinois Central terminals reading "Waiting Room for White Only — By Order Police Department" and "Waiting Room for Colored OnlyBy Order Police Department" to be unlawful.〔(''United States of America and Interstate Commerce Commission v. The City of Jackson, Mississippi, Allen Thompson, Douglas L. Lucky and Thomas B. Marshall, Commissioners of the City of Jackson, and W.D. Rayfield, Chief of Police of the City of Jackson'' ), United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit, May 13, 1963.〕 *May 24A group of Black leaders (assembled by James Baldwin) meets with Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy to discuss race relations. *May 29Violence escalates at NAACP picket of Philadelphia construction site.〔"(Northern City Site of Most Violent Negro Demonstrations )", ''Rome News-Tribune'' (CWS), 30 May 1963.〕 *May 30Police attack Florida A&M anti-segregation demonstrators with tear gas; arrest 257.〔"Tear Gas Used to Stall Florida Negroes, Drive Continues'', ''Evening News'' (AP), 31 May 1963.〕 *June 9Fannie Lou Hamer is among several SNCC workers badly beaten by police in the Winona, Mississippi, jail after their bus stops there. *June 11"The Stand in the Schoolhouse Door": Alabama Governor George Wallace stands in front of a schoolhouse door at the University of Alabama in an attempt to stop desegregation by the enrollment of two black students, Vivian Malone and James Hood. Wallace stands aside after being confronted by federal marshals, Deputy Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, and the Alabama National Guard. Later in life he apologizes for his opposition to racial integration. *June 11President Kennedy makes his historic civil rights address, promising a bill to Congress the next week. About civil rights for "Negroes", in his speech he asks for "the kind of equality of treatment which we would want for ourselves." *June 12NAACP worker Medgar Evers is murdered in Jackson, Mississippi. (His killer is convicted in 1994.)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Medgar Evers. )〕 *Summer80,000 blacks quickly register to vote in Mississippi by a test project to show their desire to participate in the political system. *June 19President Kennedy sends Congress (H. Doc. 124, 88th Cong., 1st session.) his proposed Civil Rights Act.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Proposed Civil Rights Act. )〕 White leaders in business and philanthropy gather at the Carlyle Hotel to raise initial funds for the Council on United Civil Rights Leadership *August 28( Gwynn Oak Amusement Park in Northwest Baltimore, County, Maryland is desegregated. *August 28March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom is held. MLK gives his ''I Have a Dream'' speech.〔(March on Washington. )〕 *September 10Birmingham, Alabama City Schools are integrated by National Guardsmen under orders from President Kennedy. *September 1516th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham kills four young girls. That same day, in response to the killings, James Bevel and Diane Nash begin the Alabama Project, which will later develop as the Selma Voting Rights Movement. 1964 *All yearThe Alabama Voting Rights Project continues organizing led by James Bevel, Diane Nash, and James Orange. The SCLC is not yet participating. Bevel represents it as Director of Direct Action and Director of Nonviolent Education. *January 23Twenty-fourth Amendment abolishes the poll tax for Federal elections. *SummerMississippi Freedom Summer – movement for voter education and registration in the state. The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party was founded and elected an alternative slate of delegates for the national convention, as blacks are still officially disenfranchised. *June 21Mississippi Civil Rights Workers Murders, three civil rights workers disappear from Philadelphia, MS, later to be found murdered and buried in an earthen dam. *June 28Organization of Afro-American Unity is founded by Malcolm X, lasts until his death. *July 2Civil Rights Act of 1964〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Civil Rights Act of 1964 )〕 signed, banning discrimination based on "race, color, religion, sex or national origin" in employment practices and public accommodations.〔 〕 *AugustCongress passes the Economic Opportunity Act which, among other things, provides federal funds for legal representation of Native Americans in both civil and criminal suits. This allows the ACLU and the American Bar Association to represent Native Americans in cases that later win them additional civil rights. *AugustThe Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party delegates challenge the seating of all-white Mississippi representatives at the Democratic national convention. *December 10King is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, the youngest person so honored.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech. )〕 *December 14In ''Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States'', the U.S. Supreme Court upholds the Civil Rights Act of 1964.〔 1965 *February 18After a peaceful protest march in Marion, Alabama, state troopers break i it up and one shoots Jimmie Lee Jackson. Jackson dies on February 26. Thought not prosecuted at the time, James Bonard Fowler is indicted for his murder in 2007. *February 21Malcolm X is assassinated in Manhattan, New York, probably by three members of the Nation of Islam. *March 7Bloody Sunday: Civil rights workers in Selma, Alabama, begin the Selma to Montgomery march but are attacked and stopped by a massive Alabama State trooper and police blockade as they cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge into the county. Many marchers are injured. This march, initiated and organized by James Bevel, becomes the visual symbol of the Selma Voting Rights Movement. *March 15President Lyndon Johnson uses the phrase "We Shall Overcome" in a speech before Congress to urge passage of the voting rights bill.〔 *March 25After the completion of the Selma to Montgomery March, a white volunteer Viola Liuzzo is shot and killed by KKK members in Alabama, one of whom was an FBI informant. *June 2Black deputy sheriff Oneal Moore is murdered in Varnado, Louisiana. *July 2Equal Employment Opportunity Commission begins operations. *August 6Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed by President Johnson. It provided for federal oversight and enforcement of voter registration in states and individual voting districts with a history of discriminatory tests and underrepresented populations. It prohibited discriminatory practices preventing African Americans and other minorities from registering and voting, and electoral systems diluting their vote.〔〔 〕 *August 11–15Following the accusations of mistreatment and police brutality by the Los Angeles Police Department towards the city's African-American community, Watts riots erupt in South Central Los Angeles which lasted over five days. Over 34 were killed, 1,032 injured, 3,438 arrested, and cost over $40 million in property damage. *SeptemberRaylawni Branch and Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong become the first African-American students to attend the University of Southern Mississippi. *September 24President Johnson signs Executive Order 11246 requiring Equal Employment Opportunity by federal contractors. 1966 *January 10NAACP local chapter president Vernon Dahmer is injured by a bomb in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. He dies the next day. *June 5James Meredith begins a solitary March Against Fear from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi. Shortly after starting, he is shot with birdshot and injured. Civil rights leaders and organizations rally and continue the march leading to, on June 16, Stokely Carmichael first using the slogan ''Black power'' in a speech. Twenty-five thousand marchers entered the capital. *SummerThe Chicago Open Housing Movement, led by Martin Luther King, Jr., James Bevel〔"James L. Bevel The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement" by Randall Kryn, published in David Garrow's 1989 book ''We Shall Overcome, Volume II'', Carlson Publishing Company〕〔("Movement Revision Research Summary Regarding James Bevel" by Randy Kryn, October 2005 ) published by Middlebury College〕 and Al Raby, includes a large rally, marches, and demands to Mayor Richard J. Daley and the City of Chicago which are discussed in a movement-ending Summit Conference. *OctoberBlack Panther Party founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale in Oakland, California. 1967 *April 4MLK delivers "Beyond Vietnam" speech, calling for defeat of "the giant triplets of racism, materialism, and militarism". *June 12In ''Loving v. Virginia'', the U.S. Supreme Court rules that prohibiting interracial marriage is unconstitutional. *In the trial of accused killers in the Mississippi civil rights worker murders, the jury convicts 7 of 18 accused men. Conspirator Edgar Ray Killen is later convicted in 2005. 1968 *February 1Two Memphis sanitation workers are killed in the line of duty, exacerbating labor tensions. *February 8The Orangeburg Massacre occurs during university protest in South Carolina. *February 12First day of the (wildcat) Memphis Sanitation Strike *April 3King returns to Memphis; delivers "Mountaintop" speech in support of the workers. *April 4Martin Luther King, Jr. is shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee. *April 4–8 and one on May 1968Riots broke out in Chicago, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Louisville, Kansas City, and more than 150 U.S. cities in response to the Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.. *April 11Civil Rights Act of 1968 is signed. The Fair Housing Act is Title VIII of this Civil Rights Act, and bans discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. The law is passed following a series of Open Housing campaigns throughout the urban North, the most significant being the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement and the organized events in Milwaukee during 1967–68. In both cities, angry white mobs had attacked nonviolent protesters.〔James Ralph, ''Northern Protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement'' (1993) Harvard University Press ISBN 0-674-62687-7〕 *May 12Poor People's Campaign encamps on the National Mall in Washington, DC. *In ''Powe v. Miles'', a federal court holds that the portions of private colleges that are funded by public money are subject to the Civil Rights Act. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of the African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–68)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|